ஏன் டா காதல் செய்தாய் நீ !
அழுகிறாய் ,
சிரிக்கிறாய்,
ஆனந்தம் படுகிறாய் !!!
ஆம் !
கண்டேன் இன்று ஆனந்தம்
இல்லை
பேரானந்தம் !!!
அவள் அழகு முகத்தை கண்டேன் !
இம்
அவள் சிரிப்பு அழகு !!
அவள் கண்கள் அழகு !!!
அவள் கோதிவிடும் கூந்தல் அழகு !!!
அவள் உதடு அடடா அழகு .....
இருவரும் நின்று தான் !
பேசினோம் .
கால் வலிக்க வில்லை !
பசி இல்லை !!
அவள் பிரிய மனம் இல்லை !!!
இப்படியே சென்றது !
நான்கு மணி நேரம்.
என்ன செய்வது ?
வாட்ச்மன் பார்த்தபடியே இருந்தான்
இருவரையும் !!!
உடலால் பிரிந்தோம் !
இன்னும் அவளை சுற்றி
வருகிறது மனம்
ஆனந்தம் இன்று எனக்கு !!!!!!!!!
Tuesday, December 8, 2009
Thursday, October 22, 2009
Install Windows XP
This procedure demonstrates how to install Windows XP Professional. The procedure to install Windows XP home edition is very similar to the professional edition. Since Windows XP Pro is more advanced operating system, it will be used to demonstrate the installation procedure.
The best way install Windows XP is to do a clean install. It is not difficult to perform a clean installation. Before you perform the installation I recommend that you check Windows XP Compatibility List to ensure that your hardware is supported by XP. If your hardware is not on the compatibility list you can check your hardware manufactures website to download the drivers for Windows XP. Save all the necessary drivers onto floppy disks or CD before you start the installation.
All versions of Windows XP CD are bootable. In order to boot from CD/DVD-ROM you need to set the boot sequence. Look for the boot sequence under your BIOS setup and make sure that the first boot device is set to CD/DVD-ROM. You can then perform the following steps to install Windows XP:
Step 2 - At this stage it will ask you to press F6 if you want to install a third party Raid or SCSI driver. If you are using a an IDE Hard Drive then you do not need to press F6. If you are using a SCSI or SATA Hard drive then you must press F6 otherwise Windows will not detect your Hard Drive during the installation. Please make sure you have the Raid drivers on a floppy disk. Normally the drivers are supplied on a CD which you can copy to a floppy disk ready to be installed. If you are not sure how to do this then please read your motherboard manuals for more information.
Step 3 - Press S to Specify that you want to install additional device.
Step 4 - You will be asked to insert the floppy disk with the Raid or SCSI drivers. Press enter after you have inserted the disk.
Step 6 - You will then get a Windows XP Professional Setup screen. You have the option to do a new Windows install, Repair previous install or quit. Since we are doing a new install we just press Enter to continue.
Step 7 - You will be presented with the End User Licensing Agreement. Press F8 to accept and continue
Step 8 - This step is very important.
Here we will create the partition where Windows will be installed. If
you have a brand new unformatted drive you will get a screen similar to
below. In our case the drive size is 8190MB. We can choose to install
Windows in this drive without creating a partition, hence use the
entire size of the drive. If you wish to do this you can just press
enter and Windows will automatically partition and format the drive as
one large drive.
However for this
demonstration I will create two partition. The first partition will be
6000MB (C: drive) and second partition would be 2180MB (E: drive). By
creating two partition we can have one which stores Windows and
Applications and the other which stores our data. So in the future if
anything goes wrong with our Windows install such as virus or spyware
we can re-install Windows on C: drive and our data on E: drive will not
be touched. Please note you can choose whatever size partition your
like. For example if you have 500GB hard drive you can have two
partition of 250GB each.
Press C to create a partition.
Windows will show the total size of the hard drive and ask you how much you want to allocate for the partition you are about to create. I will choose 6000MB. You will then get the screen below. Notice it shows C: Partition 1 followed by the size 6000 MB. This indicates the partition has been created. We still have an unpartitioned space of 2189MB. Next heighlight the unpartitioned space by pressing down the arrow key. Then press C to create another partition. You will see the total space available for the new partition. Just choose all the space left over, in our case 2180MB.
Step 9 - Now you will see both
partition listed. Partition 1 (C: Drive) 6000MB and Partition 2 (E:
Drive) 2180MB. You will also have 8MB of unpartitioned space. Don't
worry about that. Just leave it how its is. Windows normally has some
unpartitioned space. You might wonder what happened to D: drive.
Windows has automatically allocated D: drive to CD/DVD-ROM.
Select Partition 1 (C: Drive) and press Enter.
Step 13 - Type in your name and organization.
Step 15 - Name the computer, and enter an Administrator password. Don't forget to write down your Administrator password.
Step 19 - Finally Windows will start and present you with a Welcome screen. Click next to continue.
Step 20 - Choose 'help protect my PC by turning on automatic updates now' and press next.
Step 21 - Will this computer connect to the internet directly, or through a network? If you are connected to a router or LAN then choose: 'Yes, this computer will connect through a local area network or home network'. If you have dial up modem choose: 'No, this computer will connect directly to the internet'. Then click Next.
Step 22 - Ready to activate Windows? Choose yes if you wish to active Windows over the internet now. Choose no if you want to activate Windows at a later stage.
Step 23 - Add users that will sign on to this computer and click next.
Step 24 - You will get a Thank you screen to confirm setup is complete. Click finish.
Step 26 - You now need to check the device manager to confirm that all the drivers has been loaded or if there are any conflicts. From the start menu select Start -> Settings -> Control Panel. Click on the System icon and then from the System Properties window select the Hardware tab, then click on Device Manager.
If there are any yellow exclamation mark "!"
next to any of the listed device, it means that no drivers or incorrect
drivers has been loaded for that device. In our case we have a Video
Controller (VGA card) which has no drivers installed.
Your
hardware should come with manufacturer supplied drivers. You need to
install these drivers using the automatic setup program provided by the
manufacturer or you need to manually install these drivers. If you do
not have the drivers, check the manufacturers website to download them.
To install a driver manually use the following procedure:
(a) From the device manager double click on the device containing the exclamation mark.
(b) This would open a device properties window.
(c) Click on the Driver tab.
(d) Click Update Driver button. The Wizard for updating device driver pops up as shown below:
Thursday, October 8, 2009
AMP Installation (Apache, Mysql, Php)
Installing with Windows
By following our step-by-step guide, you will successfully have all three components installed on
your Windows system. This guide includes instructions for Windows NT, Windows 2000,
Windows XP, and Windows .NET 2003.
Install Apache
Apache will act as the server for your PHP/MySQLWeb site. Installation is easy, as you will see.
This installation is for Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows .NET 2003. For
other versions of Windows, complete installation instructions can be found at www.apache.org.
Note that you must have TCP/IP running on your machine in order for your installation to be
operational.
The following are the basic steps for installation:
1. Go to www.apache.org, and click the HTTP Server link.
While the Apache Software Foundation provides many different software packages, this is
the only one we are concerned with at this time.
2. Click “Download from a Mirror” to choose an FTP site for downloading.
3. Click the Win 32 Binary-MSI Installer link to download.
If you experience problems downloading this file, you can try a different mirror site; click
the drop-down box near the top of the screen to locate one.
4. Click the MSI file to initiate the installation wizard for the Apache software.
After accepting the installation agreement, you will see a screen that is equivalent to a
readme.txt file—it gives basic information about the Apache software and where to go to find
more information. We highly recommend that you read this file.
5. Click Next. You will see the Server Information screen.
6. Enter the following information:
❑ Domain name: For example, domainname.com
❑ Server name: For example, server.domainname.com
❑ Net administrator’s e-mail address
❑ Who Are We Installing Apache For?
7. Select “All Users” if you want a server that will be available to anyone wishing to see your site
or “Only the Current User” for a server that will be used for testing purposes before files are
uploaded to a live server on another computer.
8. Click Next to select a setup type.
Typical installation is recommended for beginners and will suffice for most needs. Advanced
users may feel more comfortable choosing Custom setup.
9. Click Next.
The Destination Folder screen appears.
10. If you do not want your Apache files saved in the default path, click Change and select an alternate
path; then click Next.
The Ready to Install the Program screen appears.
11. Click Install to finish installation.
For configuration options and customization, please refer to Chapter 1 of this book.
Install PHP
This installation is for the PHP module on Windows 98, ME, and Windows 2000/XP/NT. For all other Windows versions, please refer to the source Web site, www.php.net.
The following are the steps for installing PHP:
1. Go to the PHPWeb site at www.php.net.
2. Scroll down to the “downloads” section and click the appropriate link for the version you wish
to install.
3. Scroll down to the Windows Binary section. If you are running your PHP on an Apache server,
as we do in this book, click the PHP Package link to be able to run PHP on Apache Server
4. Click any FTP site to begin the download.
5. Unzip your file using any standard unzip program and save it to the directory of your choice.
We recommend unzipping it to c:\ and then renaming it to c:\php\. It’s best not to save your
file in a directory with a space in it, as it can cause Web server problems.
6. Before you can run PHP, you will need to rename php.ini-dist to php.ini.
By default, the PHP installation provides two copies of your common configuration file:
php.ini-dist and php.ini-recommended. The php.ini-dist file is meant to be used for
development purposes, while php.ini-recommended should be used when your site goes live,
as it has additional security measures in place that the php.ini-dist does not have.
Depending on your reason for using PHP, you would choose the php.ini file that best suits
your needs. For the purposes of this book, we are going to be using the php.ini-dist file simply
because it is easier to work with and will present you with fewer obstacles. Once you are
more familiar with PHP in general, we encourage you to switch to the php.ini-recommended
file as your default. Therefore, you need to rename the configuration file as indicated in this step
in order for your PHP installation to be complete. Make sure to save your new php.ini file to
your c:\windows directory so Apache can find it.
7. Copy php4ts.dll into the c:\program files\Apache Group\Apache2\bin directory so that
Apache can find it.
This file can be found in the c:\php directory, not the c:\php\dlls directory.
You now need to configure your PHP to run with Apache and MySQL. Please refer to Chapter 1 for
more information on this step.
Install MySQL
MySQL is the database that holds all the data to be accessed by your Web site. This MySQL installation guide is for Windows 95, 98, 2000, NT, XP, and .NET 2003. For all other versions of Windows, please refer to the source Web site at www.mysql.com.
Proceed with the following steps to install MySQL:
1. Go to the source Web site, www.mysql.com, and click “downloads” on the navigation bar near
the top of the page.
2. Scroll down to the latest stable version of MySQL, and click that link.
3. Scroll down to the Windows section of the downloadable files, and click Select a Mirror.
4. Find a mirror and click to download (you may choose either HTTP or FTP to download).
5. Unzip the file to a temporary directory of your choice.
6. Click setup.exe to run the installation program. You will see the first of the Installation Wizard
screens.
7. Click Next to display the informational screen.
We highly recommend that you read this screen before you continue.
8. Click Next, which brings you to the Choose Destination Location screen.
9. If the default directory is acceptable, simply click Next; otherwise, click Browse and select a different
destination.
10. Click Next.
11. The next screen allows you to customize your installation; typical installation is sufficient for
most users.
12. Click the setup type you prefer, and click Next to begin the installation.
After installing the appropriate files, the final screen will simply indicate the installation is
complete. Click Finish to end the wizard.
You now need to configure your MySQL installation to fit your needs.
Installing with Linux
This section covers the installation of the three components of the AMP module using a Linux system. In this instance, we will cover an installation from the source for all three AMP components. Other methods are available, such as RPM, deb, and ebuild. We’ve chosen to cover source installations insteadbecause this method offers the most flexibility and works on nearly all UNIX-like systems.
Install MySQL
The following are the steps to install MySQL for a Linux system:
1. Go to the MySQLWeb site (www.mysql.com) and download the latest stable version of the
MySQL database server.
The link for this file is most likely located at the bottom under the heading Source Downloads.
2. Grab the tarball, named something along the lines of mysql-4.0.x.tar.gz.
3. Open a console window and change the directory (cd) to the folder where you downloaded the
tarball.
4. If there isn’t a user on the system dedicated to running the mysql daemon (typically mysql),
you’ll need to create one. To do this, in the console, enter the following commands:
> groupadd mysql
> useradd –g mysql mysql
5. Extract the tarball, and change to the directory it creates:
> tar –xzf mysql-VERSION.tar.gz
> cd mysql-VERSION
VERSION is the (sub)version of the mysql source tarball you downloaded, ‘0.15a’
6. Next, configure the source this way:
> ./configure —prefix=/usr/local/mysql
Using the --prefix switch tells the installer where to put the mysql libraries and binaries after
they’re built.
7. Compile the source:
> make
8. Install the libraries and binaries.
> make install
Note that you will need to be logged in as superuser (root) to perform this step and the following
steps in the MySQL installation.
9. If this is the first time MySQL has been installed on your machine (in other words, not an
upgrade), run this script to install the initial database/tables:
> scripts/mysql_install_db
10. Fix permissions on installed files, and copy over the default configuration file.
> chown –R root /usr/local/mysql
> chown –R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var
> chgrp –R mysql /usr/local/mysql
> cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf
Any changes you wish to make to customize MySQL should be made in this file.
11. Start the MySQL daemon:
> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe —user=mysql &
You’ll probably want to add the previous command to whatever facilities are available to
automatically start the daemon at boot. This varies by OS, so you’ll need to find out what works on
your system. Here is one easy way to add this that works with most systems (but may not be the
“best” way):
> echo ‘/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe —user=mysql &’ >> /etc/rc.local
Install Apache
Follow these steps to install Apache:
1. Go to the Apache Web site (http://httpd.apache.org) and download the latest stable version
of the Apache 2 Web server.
2. Grab the tarball, named something along the lines of httpd-2.0.x.tar.gz.
3. Open a console window, and change the directory (cd) to the folder where you downloaded the
tarball.
4. Next, extract the tarball, and change to the directory it creates:
> tar –xzf httpd-2.0.47.tar.gz
> cd httpd-2.0.47
5. Configure the source:
> ./configure \
—prefix=/usr/local/apache2 \
—enable-so \
—enable-mods-shared=max \
—enable-modules=most
Using the --prefix switch tells the installer where to put the Apache server after it’s built. For
a complete list of configuration options, run ./configure -help.
6. Compile the source:
> make
7. Install the server:
> make install
Note that you will need to be logged in as superuser (root) to perform this step and the following
steps in the Apache installation.
8. Start the Apache daemon:
> /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start
9. Add the command to start Apache to whatever boot scripts you like, so the server starts every
time you reboot. For example:
> echo ‘/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start
Install PHP
Follow these steps to install PHP:
1. Go to the PHPWeb site (www.php.net) and download the latest stable version of PHP.
2. Grab the tarball, named something along the lines of php-4.3.x.tar.gz.
3. Open a console window, and change the directory (cd) to the folder where you downloaded
the tarball.
4. Next, extract the tarball, and change to the directory it creates:
> tar –xzf php-4.3.3.tar.gz
> cd httpd-4.3.3
5. Configure the source:
> ./configure \
—with-apxs2=/usr/local/apache2/bin/apxs \
—with-mysql=/usr/local/mysql
Make sure you point to the correct locations for the Apache 2 apxs binary, and the base of the
MySQL installation directory. There are numerous configuration options for PHP, and we would
almost need a chapter just to describe them all. For a complete list of configuration options, run
./configure -help.
6. Compile the source:
> make
7. Install PHP.
> make install
You will need to be logged in as superuser (root) to perform this step.
At this point, you should configure your php.ini file as you like and verify that the necessary directives
have been placed in Apache’s httpd.conf file.
By following our step-by-step guide, you will successfully have all three components installed on
your Windows system. This guide includes instructions for Windows NT, Windows 2000,
Windows XP, and Windows .NET 2003.
Install Apache
Apache will act as the server for your PHP/MySQLWeb site. Installation is easy, as you will see.
This installation is for Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows .NET 2003. For
other versions of Windows, complete installation instructions can be found at www.apache.org.
Note that you must have TCP/IP running on your machine in order for your installation to be
operational.
The following are the basic steps for installation:
1. Go to www.apache.org, and click the HTTP Server link.
While the Apache Software Foundation provides many different software packages, this is
the only one we are concerned with at this time.
2. Click “Download from a Mirror” to choose an FTP site for downloading.
3. Click the Win 32 Binary-MSI Installer link to download.
If you experience problems downloading this file, you can try a different mirror site; click
the drop-down box near the top of the screen to locate one.
4. Click the MSI file to initiate the installation wizard for the Apache software.
After accepting the installation agreement, you will see a screen that is equivalent to a
readme.txt file—it gives basic information about the Apache software and where to go to find
more information. We highly recommend that you read this file.
5. Click Next. You will see the Server Information screen.
6. Enter the following information:
❑ Domain name: For example, domainname.com
❑ Server name: For example, server.domainname.com
❑ Net administrator’s e-mail address
❑ Who Are We Installing Apache For?
7. Select “All Users” if you want a server that will be available to anyone wishing to see your site
or “Only the Current User” for a server that will be used for testing purposes before files are
uploaded to a live server on another computer.
8. Click Next to select a setup type.
Typical installation is recommended for beginners and will suffice for most needs. Advanced
users may feel more comfortable choosing Custom setup.
9. Click Next.
The Destination Folder screen appears.
10. If you do not want your Apache files saved in the default path, click Change and select an alternate
path; then click Next.
The Ready to Install the Program screen appears.
11. Click Install to finish installation.
For configuration options and customization, please refer to Chapter 1 of this book.
Install PHP
This installation is for the PHP module on Windows 98, ME, and Windows 2000/XP/NT. For all other Windows versions, please refer to the source Web site, www.php.net.
The following are the steps for installing PHP:
1. Go to the PHPWeb site at www.php.net.
2. Scroll down to the “downloads” section and click the appropriate link for the version you wish
to install.
3. Scroll down to the Windows Binary section. If you are running your PHP on an Apache server,
as we do in this book, click the PHP Package link to be able to run PHP on Apache Server
4. Click any FTP site to begin the download.
5. Unzip your file using any standard unzip program and save it to the directory of your choice.
We recommend unzipping it to c:\ and then renaming it to c:\php\. It’s best not to save your
file in a directory with a space in it, as it can cause Web server problems.
6. Before you can run PHP, you will need to rename php.ini-dist to php.ini.
By default, the PHP installation provides two copies of your common configuration file:
php.ini-dist and php.ini-recommended. The php.ini-dist file is meant to be used for
development purposes, while php.ini-recommended should be used when your site goes live,
as it has additional security measures in place that the php.ini-dist does not have.
Depending on your reason for using PHP, you would choose the php.ini file that best suits
your needs. For the purposes of this book, we are going to be using the php.ini-dist file simply
because it is easier to work with and will present you with fewer obstacles. Once you are
more familiar with PHP in general, we encourage you to switch to the php.ini-recommended
file as your default. Therefore, you need to rename the configuration file as indicated in this step
in order for your PHP installation to be complete. Make sure to save your new php.ini file to
your c:\windows directory so Apache can find it.
7. Copy php4ts.dll into the c:\program files\Apache Group\Apache2\bin directory so that
Apache can find it.
This file can be found in the c:\php directory, not the c:\php\dlls directory.
You now need to configure your PHP to run with Apache and MySQL. Please refer to Chapter 1 for
more information on this step.
Install MySQL
MySQL is the database that holds all the data to be accessed by your Web site. This MySQL installation guide is for Windows 95, 98, 2000, NT, XP, and .NET 2003. For all other versions of Windows, please refer to the source Web site at www.mysql.com.
Proceed with the following steps to install MySQL:
1. Go to the source Web site, www.mysql.com, and click “downloads” on the navigation bar near
the top of the page.
2. Scroll down to the latest stable version of MySQL, and click that link.
3. Scroll down to the Windows section of the downloadable files, and click Select a Mirror.
4. Find a mirror and click to download (you may choose either HTTP or FTP to download).
5. Unzip the file to a temporary directory of your choice.
6. Click setup.exe to run the installation program. You will see the first of the Installation Wizard
screens.
7. Click Next to display the informational screen.
We highly recommend that you read this screen before you continue.
8. Click Next, which brings you to the Choose Destination Location screen.
9. If the default directory is acceptable, simply click Next; otherwise, click Browse and select a different
destination.
10. Click Next.
11. The next screen allows you to customize your installation; typical installation is sufficient for
most users.
12. Click the setup type you prefer, and click Next to begin the installation.
After installing the appropriate files, the final screen will simply indicate the installation is
complete. Click Finish to end the wizard.
You now need to configure your MySQL installation to fit your needs.
Installing with Linux
This section covers the installation of the three components of the AMP module using a Linux system. In this instance, we will cover an installation from the source for all three AMP components. Other methods are available, such as RPM, deb, and ebuild. We’ve chosen to cover source installations insteadbecause this method offers the most flexibility and works on nearly all UNIX-like systems.
Install MySQL
The following are the steps to install MySQL for a Linux system:
1. Go to the MySQLWeb site (www.mysql.com) and download the latest stable version of the
MySQL database server.
The link for this file is most likely located at the bottom under the heading Source Downloads.
2. Grab the tarball, named something along the lines of mysql-4.0.x.tar.gz.
3. Open a console window and change the directory (cd) to the folder where you downloaded the
tarball.
4. If there isn’t a user on the system dedicated to running the mysql daemon (typically mysql),
you’ll need to create one. To do this, in the console, enter the following commands:
> groupadd mysql
> useradd –g mysql mysql
5. Extract the tarball, and change to the directory it creates:
> tar –xzf mysql-VERSION.tar.gz
> cd mysql-VERSION
VERSION is the (sub)version of the mysql source tarball you downloaded, ‘0.15a’
6. Next, configure the source this way:
> ./configure —prefix=/usr/local/mysql
Using the --prefix switch tells the installer where to put the mysql libraries and binaries after
they’re built.
7. Compile the source:
> make
8. Install the libraries and binaries.
> make install
Note that you will need to be logged in as superuser (root) to perform this step and the following
steps in the MySQL installation.
9. If this is the first time MySQL has been installed on your machine (in other words, not an
upgrade), run this script to install the initial database/tables:
> scripts/mysql_install_db
10. Fix permissions on installed files, and copy over the default configuration file.
> chown –R root /usr/local/mysql
> chown –R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var
> chgrp –R mysql /usr/local/mysql
> cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf
Any changes you wish to make to customize MySQL should be made in this file.
11. Start the MySQL daemon:
> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe —user=mysql &
You’ll probably want to add the previous command to whatever facilities are available to
automatically start the daemon at boot. This varies by OS, so you’ll need to find out what works on
your system. Here is one easy way to add this that works with most systems (but may not be the
“best” way):
> echo ‘/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe —user=mysql &’ >> /etc/rc.local
Install Apache
Follow these steps to install Apache:
1. Go to the Apache Web site (http://httpd.apache.org) and download the latest stable version
of the Apache 2 Web server.
2. Grab the tarball, named something along the lines of httpd-2.0.x.tar.gz.
3. Open a console window, and change the directory (cd) to the folder where you downloaded the
tarball.
4. Next, extract the tarball, and change to the directory it creates:
> tar –xzf httpd-2.0.47.tar.gz
> cd httpd-2.0.47
5. Configure the source:
> ./configure \
—prefix=/usr/local/apache2 \
—enable-so \
—enable-mods-shared=max \
—enable-modules=most
Using the --prefix switch tells the installer where to put the Apache server after it’s built. For
a complete list of configuration options, run ./configure -help.
6. Compile the source:
> make
7. Install the server:
> make install
Note that you will need to be logged in as superuser (root) to perform this step and the following
steps in the Apache installation.
8. Start the Apache daemon:
> /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start
9. Add the command to start Apache to whatever boot scripts you like, so the server starts every
time you reboot. For example:
> echo ‘/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start
Install PHP
Follow these steps to install PHP:
1. Go to the PHPWeb site (www.php.net) and download the latest stable version of PHP.
2. Grab the tarball, named something along the lines of php-4.3.x.tar.gz.
3. Open a console window, and change the directory (cd) to the folder where you downloaded
the tarball.
4. Next, extract the tarball, and change to the directory it creates:
> tar –xzf php-4.3.3.tar.gz
> cd httpd-4.3.3
5. Configure the source:
> ./configure \
—with-apxs2=/usr/local/apache2/bin/apxs \
—with-mysql=/usr/local/mysql
Make sure you point to the correct locations for the Apache 2 apxs binary, and the base of the
MySQL installation directory. There are numerous configuration options for PHP, and we would
almost need a chapter just to describe them all. For a complete list of configuration options, run
./configure -help.
6. Compile the source:
> make
7. Install PHP.
> make install
You will need to be logged in as superuser (root) to perform this step.
At this point, you should configure your php.ini file as you like and verify that the necessary directives
have been placed in Apache’s httpd.conf file.
Basics of Indian Share Market
Share
Market
A
common platform where buyers and sellers come together to transact
in stocks and shares. It may be a physical entity where brokers
trade on a physical trading floor via an "open outcry"
system or a virtual environment.
Electronic
Trading
Electronic
trading eliminates the need for physical trading floors. Brokers can
trade from their offices, using fully automated screen-based
processes. Their workstations are connected to a Stock Exchange's
central computer via satellite using Very Small Aperture Terminus
(VSATs). The orders placed by brokers reach the Exchange's central
computer and are matched electronically.
Exchanges
in India
The
Stock Exchange, Mumbai (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE)
are the country's two leading Exchanges.
Equity
Funds
brought into a business by its shareholders is called equity. It is a
measure of a stake of a person or group of persons starting a
business. When you buy a company's equity, you are in effect
financing it, and being compensated with a stake in the business. You
become part-owner of the company, entitled to dividends and other
benefits that the company may announce, but without any guarantee of
a return on your investments.
Index
An
Index is a comprehensive measure of market trends, intended for
investors who are concerned with general stock market price
movements. An Index comprises stocks that have large liquidity and
market capitalization. Each stock is given a weightage in the Index
equivalent to its market capitalization. At the NSE, the
capitalization of NIFTY (fifty selected stocks) is taken as a base
capitalization, with the value set at 1000. Similarly, BSE Sensitive
Index or Sensex comprises 30 selected stocks. The Index value
compares the day's market capitalization vis-a-vis base
capitalization and indicates how prices in general have moved over a
period of time.
Broker
As
per SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India.) regulations, only
registered members can operate in the stock market. One can trade
by executing a deal only through a registered broker of a
recognized Stock Exchange or through a SEBI-registered sub-broker.
Contract
note
A
contract note describes the rate, date, time at which the trade was
transacted and the brokerage rate. A contract note issued in the
prescribed format establishes a legally enforceable relationship
between the client and the member in respect of trades stated in the
contract note. These are made in duplicate and the member and the
client both keep a copy each. A client should receive the contract
note within 24 hours of the executed trade. Corporate Benefits/Action
Book-closure/Record
date
Book
closure refers to the closing of register of the names or investors
in the records of a company. Companies announce book closure dates
from time to time. The benefits of dividends, bonus issues, rights
issue accruing to investors whose name appears on the company's
records as on a given date, is known as the record date.
Difference
between book closure and record
date
In
case of a record date, the company
does not close its register of security holders. Record date is the
cut off date for determining the number of registered members who
are eligible for the corporate benefits. In case of book closure,
shares cannot be sold on an Exchange bearing a date on the transfer
deed earlier than the book closure. This does not hold good for the
record date.
No-delivery
period
Whenever
a company announces a book closure or record date, the Exchange sets
up a no-delivery (ND) period for that security. During this period
only trading is permitted in the security. However, these trades are
settled only after the no-delivery period is over. This is done to
ensure that investor's entitlement for the corporate benefit is
clearly determined.
Ex-dividend
date
The
date on or after which a security begins trading without the dividend
(cash or stock) included in
the contract price.
the contract price.
Ex-date
The
first day of the no-delivery period is the ex-date. If there is any
corporate benefits such as rights,
bonus, dividend announced for which book closure/record date is fixed, the buyer of the shares on
or after the ex-date will not be eligible for the benefits.
bonus, dividend announced for which book closure/record date is fixed, the buyer of the shares on
or after the ex-date will not be eligible for the benefits.
Bonus Issue
While
investing in shares the motive is not only capital gains but also a
proportionate share of surplus generated from the operations once all
other stakeholders have been paid. But the distribution of this
surplus to shareholders seldom happens. Instead, this is transferred
to the reserves and surplus account. If the reserves and surplus
amount becomes too large, the company may transfer some amount from
the reserves account to the share capital account by a mere book
entry. This is done by increasing the number of shares outstanding
and every shareholder is given bonus shares in a ratio called the
bonus ratio and such an issue is called bonus issue. If the bonus
ratio is 1:2, it means that for every two shares held, the
shareholder is entitled to one extra share. So if a shareholder holds
two shares, post bonus he will hold three.
Split
A
Split is book entry wherein the face value of the share is altered to
create a greater number of
shares outstanding without calling for fresh capital or altering the share capital account. For example, if a company announces a two-way split, it means that a share of the face value of Rs 10 is split into two shares of face value of Rs 5 each and a person holding one share now holds two shares.
shares outstanding without calling for fresh capital or altering the share capital account. For example, if a company announces a two-way split, it means that a share of the face value of Rs 10 is split into two shares of face value of Rs 5 each and a person holding one share now holds two shares.
Buy
Back
As
the name suggests, it is a process by which
a company can buy back its shares from
shareholders. A company may buy back its shares in various ways: from existing shareholders on a proportionate basis; through a tender offer from open market; through a book-building process; from the Stock Exchange; or from odd lot holders.A company cannot buy back through negotiated deals on or off the Stock Exchange, through spot transactions or through any private arrangement. Clearing and Settlement.
shareholders. A company may buy back its shares in various ways: from existing shareholders on a proportionate basis; through a tender offer from open market; through a book-building process; from the Stock Exchange; or from odd lot holders.A company cannot buy back through negotiated deals on or off the Stock Exchange, through spot transactions or through any private arrangement. Clearing and Settlement.
Settlement
cycle
The
accounting period for the securities traded on the Exchange.
On the NSE, the cycle begins on Wednesday and ends on the following
Tuesday, and on the BSE the cycle commences on Monday and ends on
Friday. At the end of this period, the obligations of each broker are
calculated and the brokers settle their respective obligations as per
the rules, bye-laws and regulations of the Clearing Corporation. If a
transaction is entered on the first day of the settlement, the same
will be settled on the eighth working day excluding the day of
transaction. However, if the same is done on the last day of the
settlement, it will be settled on the fourth working day excluding
the day of transaction.
Rolling
settlement
The
rolling settlement ensures that each day's trade is settled by
keeping a fixed gap of a specified number of working days between a
trade and its settlement. At present, this gap is five working days
after the trading day. The waiting period is uniform for all trades.
Short
selling
Short
selling is a legitimate trading strategy. It is a sale of a security
that the seller does not own, or any sale that is completed by the
delivery of a security borrowed by the seller. Short sellers take
the risk that they will be able to buy the stock at a more
favorable price than the price at which they "sold short."
Auction
An
auction is conducted for those securities that members fail to
deliver/short deliver during pay-in. Three factors primarily give
rise to an auction: short deliveries, un-rectified bad deliveries,
un-rectified company objections.
The
buy/sell auction for a capital market security is managed through the
auction market. As opposed to the normal market where trade matching
is an on-going process, the trade matching process for auction starts
after the auction period is over.
Demat
Demat
is a commonly used abbreviation of Dematerialisation, which is a
process whereby securities like shares, debentures are converted
from the "material" (paper documents) into electronic
data and stored in the computers of an electronic Depository.
Depositories
A Depository is a securities "bank," where dematerialised physical securities are held in custody, and from where they can be traded. This facilitates faster, risk-free and low cost settlement. A Depository is akin to a bank and performs activities similar in nature.At present, there are two Depositories in India, National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) and Central Depository Services (CDS). NSDL was the first Indian Depository. It was inaugurated in November 1996. NSDL was set up with an initial capital of Rs 124 crore, promoted by Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI), Unit Trust of India (UTI), National Stock Exchange of India Ltd. (NSEIL) and the State Bank of India (SBI).
A Depository is a securities "bank," where dematerialised physical securities are held in custody, and from where they can be traded. This facilitates faster, risk-free and low cost settlement. A Depository is akin to a bank and performs activities similar in nature.At present, there are two Depositories in India, National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) and Central Depository Services (CDS). NSDL was the first Indian Depository. It was inaugurated in November 1996. NSDL was set up with an initial capital of Rs 124 crore, promoted by Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI), Unit Trust of India (UTI), National Stock Exchange of India Ltd. (NSEIL) and the State Bank of India (SBI).
Depository Participant (DP)
NSDL
carries out its activities through business partners - Depository
Participants (DPs), Issuing Corporates and their Registrars and
Transfer Agents, Clearing Corporations/Clearing Houses. NSDL is
electronically linked to each of these business partners via a
satellite link through Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATS). The
entire integrated system (including the VSAT linkups and the software
at NSDL and at each business partner's end) has been named the "NEST"
(National Electronic Settlement & Transfer) system. The investor
interacts with the Depository through a Depository Participant of
NSDL. A DP can be a bank, financial institution, a custodian or a
broker.
IPO
An
IPO is an abbreviation for Initial Public Offer. When a company goes
public for the first time or issues a fresh stock of shares, it
offers it to the public directly. This happens in the primary market.
The primary market is where a company makes its first contact with
the public at large.
Book Building
Book
Building is a process used for marketing a public offer of equity
shares of a company and is a common practice in most developed
countries. Book Building is so-called because the collection of bids
from investors are entered in a "book". These bids are
based on an indicative price range. The issue price is fixed after
the bid closing date.
EPS
Earning
Per Share (EPS): EPS represents the portion of a company's profit
allocated to each outstanding share of common stock. Net income
(reported or estimated) for a period of time is divided by the total
number of shares outstanding during that period. It is one of the
measures of the profitability of common shareholder's investments. It
is given by profit after tax (PAT) divided by number of common shares
outstanding.
P/E
Price
Earning Multiple (P/E): Price earning multiple is ratio between
market value per share and earning per share.
MV/BV
Book
Value (BV): (of a common share) The company's
Net worth (which is paid-up capital + reserves & surplus) divided
by number of shares outstanding. Market value to book value ratio
(MV/BV ratio): It is the ratio between the market price of a security
and Book Value of the security.
Technical
Analysis
Technical
analysis is the study of historic price movements of securities and
trading volumes.
Technical
analysts believe that prices of the securities are determined largely
by forces of demand and supply. Share prices move in patterns which
are easily identifiable. Crucial insights into these patterns can be
obtained by keeping track of price charts, leading to predictions
that a stock price may move up or down. The belief is that by knowing
the past, future prices can predicted.
Wednesday, October 7, 2009
UGC NET ELIGIBILITY
UGC NET ELIGIBILITY
i) Candidates who have secured at least 55% marks (without rounding off) in Master’s Degree OR equivalent examination from Universities/Institutions recognised by UGC in Humanities (including languages) and Social Sciences, Computer Science & Applications, Electronic Science etc. are eligible for this Test. The Scheduled Caste (SC)/Scheduled Tribe (ST)/Physically Handicapped (PH)/Visually Handicapped (VH) category candidates who have secured at least 50% marks (without rounding off) in Master’s degree examination are eligible for this Test.
ii) Candidates who have appeared OR will be appearing at the qualifying Master’s degree (final year) examination and whose result is still awaited OR candidates whose qualifying examinations have been delayed may also apply for this Test. However, such candidates will be admitted provisionally and shall be considered eligible for award of JRF/Lectureship eligibility only after they have passed their Master’s degree examination or equivalent with at least 55% marks (50% in case of SC/ST/PH/VH category candidates). Such candidates must complete their P.G. degree examination within two years from the date of NET result with required percentage of marks, failing which they shall be treated as disqualified.
iii) The Ph.D. degree holders whose Master’s level examination had been completed by 19th September, 1991 (irrespective of date of declaration of result) shall be eligible for a relaxation of 5% in aggregate marks (i.e., from 55% to 50%) for appearing in NET.
iv) Candidates are advised to appear in the subject of their post-graduation only. The candidates whose post-graduation subject is not covered in the list of subjects in item No. 9, may appear in a related subject.
v) Candidates seeking concession in fee are required to submit attested copy of their OBC/SC/ST/PH/VH certificate along with their Application Forms. Other candidates are not required to submit any certificates/documents in support of their eligibility alongwith the Application Form. Therefore, the candidates, in their own interest, must satisfy themselves about their eligibility for the Test. In the event of any ineligibility being detected by the Commission, their candidature will be cancelled and they shall be liable for legal action.
AGE LIMIT & RELAXATION
i) Junior Research Fellowship : Not more than 28 years as on 01.06.2009. A relaxation upto 5 years is provided to the candidates belonging to SC/ST/OBC/PH/VH categories and to women applicants. Relaxation will also be provided to the candidates having research experience, limited to the period spent on research in the relevant/related subject of post-graduation degree, subject to a maximum of 5 years, on production of a certificate from appropriate authority. Three years’ relaxation in age will be permissible to the candidates possessing L.L.M. Degree. Total age relaxation on the above ground(s) shall not exceed five years under any circumstances.
ii) Lectureship : No upper age limit.
EXEMPTION (ELIGIBILITY FOR LECTURESHIP
i) For M. Phil/ Ph.D candidates: The candidates having Ph.D. Degree in the concerned subject are exempted from NET for Under Graduate and Post Graduate level teaching. The candidates having M. Phil Degree in the concerned subject are exempted from NET for Under Graduate level teaching only. The candidates who have passed the UGC/CSIR JRF examination prior to 1989 are also exempted from appearing in NET.
ii) For SET Candidates: The candidates who have cleared the State Eligibility Test (SET) accredited by UGC for eligibility for Lectureship held prior to 1st June 2002, are exempted from appearing in NET, being eligible to apply for Lectureship anywhere in India. For SET held from 1st June 2002 onwards, the qualified candidates are eligible to apply for the post of lecturer only in the universities/ colleges belonging to the state from where they have cleared their SET. All SET qualified candidates are also eligible to appear in NET, if they so desire.
EXAMINATION FEE AND MODE OF PAYMENT
For General candidates, the examination fee is Rs.450/-; for Other Backward Classes (OBC), the fee is Rs. 225/- and for SC/ST/PH/VH candidates, it is Rs. 110/-. The fee should be paid in the form of a single crossed demand draft from any Government of India Bank/Scheduled Government Bank payable at their Service Branch, New Delhi/Delhi only with six months’ validity drawn in favour of the Secretary, U.G.C., New Delhi. Fee once paid, will not be refunded under any circumstances.
SCHEME AND DATE OF TEST :
(i) The Test will consist of three papers. All the three papers will be held on 28th June, 2009 in two separate sessions as under : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Session Paper Marks Duration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ First I 100 1¼ Hours (09.30 A.M. to 10.45 A.M.) First II 100 1¼ Hours (10.45 A.M. to 12.00 NOON) Second III 200 2½ Hours (01.30 P.M. to 04.00 P.M.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Paper-I shall be of general nature, intended to assess the teaching/research aptitude of the candidate. It will primarily be designed to test reasoning ability, comprehension, divergent thinking and general awareness of the candidate. Paper-II shall consist of short questions based on the subject selected by the candidate. Each of these papers will consist of a Test Booklet containing 50 objective type questions. The candidate will have to mark the response for each question on the Optical Mark Reader (OMR) sheet provided alongwith the Test Booklet. The detailed instructions for filling up the OMR Sheet will be sent to the candidate along with the Admit Card. Paper-III will consist of only descriptive questions from the subject selected by the candidate. The candidate will be required to attempt questions in the space provided in the Test Booklet. The format of Paper-III has been revised w.e.f. June,2005 UGC-NET and is available on the UGC website www.ugc.ac.in. Syllabus of UGC NET Test: Syllabi for all NET subjects can be downloaded from the UGC Website www.ugc.ac.in and are also available in the libraries of all Indian universities. UGC will not send the syllabus to individual candidates.
IMPORTANT
i) The national level Test for determining the eligibility of candidates for the award of Junior Research Fellowship/Lectureship in science subjects (Chemical Sciences; Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean & Planetary Sciences; Life Sciences; Mathematical Sciences; Physical Sciences) is conducted jointly with the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi. Check out CSIR UGC NET The candidates in science subjects, desirous of availing UGC-JRF or obtaining eligibility for Lectureship in these subjects are advised to appear in the Joint CSIR-UGC Test for Junior Research Fellowship and Eligibility for Lectureship conducted by CSIR.
ii) The UGC-NET for JRF/eligibility for Lectureship will be held at the University Test Centres specified in the list under item No. 10. PLEASE NOTE THAT CHANGE OF CENTRE WILL NOT BE ALLOWED UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES.
i) Candidates who have secured at least 55% marks (without rounding off) in Master’s Degree OR equivalent examination from Universities/Institutions recognised by UGC in Humanities (including languages) and Social Sciences, Computer Science & Applications, Electronic Science etc. are eligible for this Test. The Scheduled Caste (SC)/Scheduled Tribe (ST)/Physically Handicapped (PH)/Visually Handicapped (VH) category candidates who have secured at least 50% marks (without rounding off) in Master’s degree examination are eligible for this Test.
ii) Candidates who have appeared OR will be appearing at the qualifying Master’s degree (final year) examination and whose result is still awaited OR candidates whose qualifying examinations have been delayed may also apply for this Test. However, such candidates will be admitted provisionally and shall be considered eligible for award of JRF/Lectureship eligibility only after they have passed their Master’s degree examination or equivalent with at least 55% marks (50% in case of SC/ST/PH/VH category candidates). Such candidates must complete their P.G. degree examination within two years from the date of NET result with required percentage of marks, failing which they shall be treated as disqualified.
iii) The Ph.D. degree holders whose Master’s level examination had been completed by 19th September, 1991 (irrespective of date of declaration of result) shall be eligible for a relaxation of 5% in aggregate marks (i.e., from 55% to 50%) for appearing in NET.
iv) Candidates are advised to appear in the subject of their post-graduation only. The candidates whose post-graduation subject is not covered in the list of subjects in item No. 9, may appear in a related subject.
v) Candidates seeking concession in fee are required to submit attested copy of their OBC/SC/ST/PH/VH certificate along with their Application Forms. Other candidates are not required to submit any certificates/documents in support of their eligibility alongwith the Application Form. Therefore, the candidates, in their own interest, must satisfy themselves about their eligibility for the Test. In the event of any ineligibility being detected by the Commission, their candidature will be cancelled and they shall be liable for legal action.
AGE LIMIT & RELAXATION
i) Junior Research Fellowship : Not more than 28 years as on 01.06.2009. A relaxation upto 5 years is provided to the candidates belonging to SC/ST/OBC/PH/VH categories and to women applicants. Relaxation will also be provided to the candidates having research experience, limited to the period spent on research in the relevant/related subject of post-graduation degree, subject to a maximum of 5 years, on production of a certificate from appropriate authority. Three years’ relaxation in age will be permissible to the candidates possessing L.L.M. Degree. Total age relaxation on the above ground(s) shall not exceed five years under any circumstances.
ii) Lectureship : No upper age limit.
EXEMPTION (ELIGIBILITY FOR LECTURESHIP
i) For M. Phil/ Ph.D candidates: The candidates having Ph.D. Degree in the concerned subject are exempted from NET for Under Graduate and Post Graduate level teaching. The candidates having M. Phil Degree in the concerned subject are exempted from NET for Under Graduate level teaching only. The candidates who have passed the UGC/CSIR JRF examination prior to 1989 are also exempted from appearing in NET.
ii) For SET Candidates: The candidates who have cleared the State Eligibility Test (SET) accredited by UGC for eligibility for Lectureship held prior to 1st June 2002, are exempted from appearing in NET, being eligible to apply for Lectureship anywhere in India. For SET held from 1st June 2002 onwards, the qualified candidates are eligible to apply for the post of lecturer only in the universities/ colleges belonging to the state from where they have cleared their SET. All SET qualified candidates are also eligible to appear in NET, if they so desire.
EXAMINATION FEE AND MODE OF PAYMENT
For General candidates, the examination fee is Rs.450/-; for Other Backward Classes (OBC), the fee is Rs. 225/- and for SC/ST/PH/VH candidates, it is Rs. 110/-. The fee should be paid in the form of a single crossed demand draft from any Government of India Bank/Scheduled Government Bank payable at their Service Branch, New Delhi/Delhi only with six months’ validity drawn in favour of the Secretary, U.G.C., New Delhi. Fee once paid, will not be refunded under any circumstances.
SCHEME AND DATE OF TEST :
(i) The Test will consist of three papers. All the three papers will be held on 28th June, 2009 in two separate sessions as under : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Session Paper Marks Duration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ First I 100 1¼ Hours (09.30 A.M. to 10.45 A.M.) First II 100 1¼ Hours (10.45 A.M. to 12.00 NOON) Second III 200 2½ Hours (01.30 P.M. to 04.00 P.M.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Paper-I shall be of general nature, intended to assess the teaching/research aptitude of the candidate. It will primarily be designed to test reasoning ability, comprehension, divergent thinking and general awareness of the candidate. Paper-II shall consist of short questions based on the subject selected by the candidate. Each of these papers will consist of a Test Booklet containing 50 objective type questions. The candidate will have to mark the response for each question on the Optical Mark Reader (OMR) sheet provided alongwith the Test Booklet. The detailed instructions for filling up the OMR Sheet will be sent to the candidate along with the Admit Card. Paper-III will consist of only descriptive questions from the subject selected by the candidate. The candidate will be required to attempt questions in the space provided in the Test Booklet. The format of Paper-III has been revised w.e.f. June,2005 UGC-NET and is available on the UGC website www.ugc.ac.in. Syllabus of UGC NET Test: Syllabi for all NET subjects can be downloaded from the UGC Website www.ugc.ac.in and are also available in the libraries of all Indian universities. UGC will not send the syllabus to individual candidates.
IMPORTANT
i) The national level Test for determining the eligibility of candidates for the award of Junior Research Fellowship/Lectureship in science subjects (Chemical Sciences; Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean & Planetary Sciences; Life Sciences; Mathematical Sciences; Physical Sciences) is conducted jointly with the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi. Check out CSIR UGC NET The candidates in science subjects, desirous of availing UGC-JRF or obtaining eligibility for Lectureship in these subjects are advised to appear in the Joint CSIR-UGC Test for Junior Research Fellowship and Eligibility for Lectureship conducted by CSIR.
ii) The UGC-NET for JRF/eligibility for Lectureship will be held at the University Test Centres specified in the list under item No. 10. PLEASE NOTE THAT CHANGE OF CENTRE WILL NOT BE ALLOWED UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES.
UGC Net Subjects
The list of NET subjects along with their respective codes are as given below:
Subject Name of the subject
Code
01 Economics
02 Political Science
03 Philosophy
04 Psychology
05 Sociology
06 History
07 Anthropology
08 Commerce
09 Education
10 Social Work
11 Defence and Strategic Studies
12 Home Science
14 Public Administration
15 Population Studies*
16 Music
17 Management
18 Maithili
19 Bengali
20 Hindi
21 Kannada
22 Malayalam
23 Oriya
24 Punjabi
25 Sanskrit
26 Tamil
27 Telugu
28 Urdu
29 Arabic
30 English
31 Linguistics
32 Chinese
33 Dogri
34 Nepali
35 Manipuri
36 Assamese
37 Gujarati
38 Marathi
39 French
40 Spanish
41 Russian
42 Persian
43 Rajasthani
44 German
45 Japanese
46 Adult Education/ Continuing Education/ Andragogy/ Non Formal Education.
47 Physical Education
49 Arab Culture and Islamic Studies
50 Indian Culture
55 Labour Welfare/Personnel Management/Industrial Relations/ Labour and Social Welfare/Human Resource Management
58 Law
59 Library and Information Science
60 Buddhist, Jaina, Gandhian and Peace Studies
62 Comparative Study of Religions
63 Mass Communication and Journalism
65 Performing Arts – Dance/Drama/Theatre
66 Museology & Conservation
67 Archaeology
68 Criminology
70 Tribal and Regional Language/Literature
71 Folk Literature
72 Comparative Literature
73 Sanskrit Traditional Subjects (including Jyotisha/Sidhanta Jyotisha/ Navya Vyakarna/ Vyakarna/ Mimamsa/ Navya Nyaya/ Sankhya Yoga/ Tulanatmaka Darsana/ Shukla Yajurveda/ Madhva Vedanta/ Dharma Sastra/ Sahitya/ Purana-itihasa/Agama/Advaita Vedanta)
74 Women Studies
79 Visual Arts (including Drawing & Painting/Sculpture/ Graphics/Applied Art/History of Art)
80 Geography
81 Social Medicine & Community Health
82 Forensic Science
83 Pali
84 Kashmiri
85 Konkani
87 Computer Science and Applications
88 Electronic Science
89 Environmental Sciences
90 International and Area Studies
91 Prakrit
92 Human Rights and Duties
93 Tourism Administration and Management.
* The candidates who have completed their Master’s Degree in Geography (with specialization in Population Studies) or Mathematics/Statistics are also eligible to appear in the subject “Population Studies”(Code 15).
Subject Name of the subject
Code
01 Economics
02 Political Science
03 Philosophy
04 Psychology
05 Sociology
06 History
07 Anthropology
08 Commerce
09 Education
10 Social Work
11 Defence and Strategic Studies
12 Home Science
14 Public Administration
15 Population Studies*
16 Music
17 Management
18 Maithili
19 Bengali
20 Hindi
21 Kannada
22 Malayalam
23 Oriya
24 Punjabi
25 Sanskrit
26 Tamil
27 Telugu
28 Urdu
29 Arabic
30 English
31 Linguistics
32 Chinese
33 Dogri
34 Nepali
35 Manipuri
36 Assamese
37 Gujarati
38 Marathi
39 French
40 Spanish
41 Russian
42 Persian
43 Rajasthani
44 German
45 Japanese
46 Adult Education/ Continuing Education/ Andragogy/ Non Formal Education.
47 Physical Education
49 Arab Culture and Islamic Studies
50 Indian Culture
55 Labour Welfare/Personnel Management/Industrial Relations/ Labour and Social Welfare/Human Resource Management
58 Law
59 Library and Information Science
60 Buddhist, Jaina, Gandhian and Peace Studies
62 Comparative Study of Religions
63 Mass Communication and Journalism
65 Performing Arts – Dance/Drama/Theatre
66 Museology & Conservation
67 Archaeology
68 Criminology
70 Tribal and Regional Language/Literature
71 Folk Literature
72 Comparative Literature
73 Sanskrit Traditional Subjects (including Jyotisha/Sidhanta Jyotisha/ Navya Vyakarna/ Vyakarna/ Mimamsa/ Navya Nyaya/ Sankhya Yoga/ Tulanatmaka Darsana/ Shukla Yajurveda/ Madhva Vedanta/ Dharma Sastra/ Sahitya/ Purana-itihasa/Agama/Advaita Vedanta)
74 Women Studies
79 Visual Arts (including Drawing & Painting/Sculpture/ Graphics/Applied Art/History of Art)
80 Geography
81 Social Medicine & Community Health
82 Forensic Science
83 Pali
84 Kashmiri
85 Konkani
87 Computer Science and Applications
88 Electronic Science
89 Environmental Sciences
90 International and Area Studies
91 Prakrit
92 Human Rights and Duties
93 Tourism Administration and Management.
* The candidates who have completed their Master’s Degree in Geography (with specialization in Population Studies) or Mathematics/Statistics are also eligible to appear in the subject “Population Studies”(Code 15).
For more Details, Please visit UGC website
Tuesday, October 6, 2009
En Kavithai
aen daa kathal
seithai nee !!
azhukirai .
sirikkirai ..
aanantham padukirai ....
aam !
kanden indru aanantham
illai
peraanantham
aval azhagu mugathai kanden
hmm
aantham
aval sirippu azhagu
aval kangal azhagu
aval kothi vidum kunthal azhagu
aval uthadu adada azhagu ...
iruvarum nindru than
pesinoom
kaal valikka villai
pasi illai
avalai piriya manam illai
ippadiyee sendrathu
naangu mani neram
enna seivathu
watchman partha padiyee irunthan
iruvaraiyum
udalal iruvarum pirinthom
innum avalai sudri
varukirathu manam ...
aanantham indru enakku !!!!
seithai nee !!
azhukirai .
sirikkirai ..
aanantham padukirai ....
aam !
kanden indru aanantham
illai
peraanantham
aval azhagu mugathai kanden
hmm
aantham
aval sirippu azhagu
aval kangal azhagu
aval kothi vidum kunthal azhagu
aval uthadu adada azhagu ...
iruvarum nindru than
pesinoom
kaal valikka villai
pasi illai
avalai piriya manam illai
ippadiyee sendrathu
naangu mani neram
enna seivathu
watchman partha padiyee irunthan
iruvaraiyum
udalal iruvarum pirinthom
innum avalai sudri
varukirathu manam ...
aanantham indru enakku !!!!
Monday, October 5, 2009
TOP TEN UNIVERSITIES
Top Ten Universities in the World
Top Ten Universities in Asia
Top Ten Universities in China
Top Ten Universities in USA
Top Ten Universities in UK
Top Ten Universities in India
| Rank | University |
| 1 | Harvard University, USA |
| 2 | Yale University, USA |
| 3 | University of Cambridge, UK |
| 4 | University of Oxford, UK |
| 5 | California Institute of Technology, USA |
| 6 | Imperial College London, UK |
| 7 | University College London, UK |
| 8 | The University of Chicago, USA |
| 9 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA |
| 10 | Columbia University, USA |
Top Ten Universities in Asia
| Rank | University |
| 1 | The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong |
| 2 | The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong |
| 3 | The University of Tokyo, Japan |
| 4 | The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong |
| 5 | Kyoto University, Japan |
| 6 | Osaka University, Japan |
| 7 | Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), South Korea |
| 8 | Seoul National University, South Korea |
| 9 | Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan |
| 10 | National University of Singapore, Singapore |
| 10 | Peking University, China |
Top Ten Universities in China
| Rank | University |
| 1 | The University of Hong Kong |
| 2 | The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology |
| 3 | The Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| 4 | Peking University |
| 5 | Tsinghua University |
| 6 | Fudan University |
| 7 | University of Science and Technology of China |
| 8 | Nanjing University |
| 9 | Shanghai Jiao Tong University |
| 10 | City University of Hong Kong |
Top Ten Universities in USA
| Rank | University |
| 1 | Harvard University |
| 2 | Princeton University |
| 3 | Yale University |
| 4 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| 4 | Stanford University |
| 6 | California Institute of Technology |
| 6 | University of Pennsylvania |
| 8 | Columbia University |
| 8 | Duke University |
| 8 | The University of Chicago |
Top Ten Universities in UK
| Rank | University |
| 1 | University of Oxford |
| 2 | University of Cambridge |
| 3 | Imperial College London |
| 4 | London School of Economics |
| 5 | University of St. Andrews |
| 6 | University of Warwick |
| 7 | University College London |
| 8 | Durham University |
| 9 | The University of York |
| 10 | Bristol University |
Top Ten Universities in India
| Rank | University |
| 1 | Indian Institute of Technology Bombay |
| 2 | Indian Institute of Technology Delhi |
| 3 | Indian Institute of Technology Madras |
| 4 | Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur |
| 5 | Indian Institute of Technology Kharakpur |
| 6 | University of Roorkee |
| 7 | Birla Institute of Technology & Science |
| 8 | Anna University, Chennai |
| 9 | Jawaharlal Nehru University |
| 10 | University of Mumbai |
| 10 | University of Delhi |
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